"The Road Not Taken"by: Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both,
And be one traveler, long I stood,
And looked down one as far as I could,
To where it bent in the उन्देर्ग्रोव्थ.
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there,
Had worn them really about the same।
And both that morning equally lay,
In leaves no step had trodden black,
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh,
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
The Road Not Taken 未至之徑 Robert Frost, 1874-1963 方穎／譯 Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, 黃色樹林岔開兩條路， And sorry I could not travel both 遺憾無法皆行至， And be one traveler, long I stood 身為孤單的旅人，我駐立良久， And looked down one as far as I could 向著其中一條路遠眺， To where it bent in the undergrowth; 直望至灌木叢彎處。 Then took the other, as just as fair, 再看另一條路，亦感優美， And having perhaps the better claim, 也許多點美麗的可能， Because it was grassy and wanted wear, 碧草如茵似極盼人臨， Though as for that, the passing there 來往這兩條路的行人， Had worn them really about the same। 似乎相差無幾。 And both that morning equally lay 兩條路伸展於前的某個黎明， In leaves no step had trodden black। 落葉未遭踩踏污黑。 Oh, I kept the first for another day! 喔！第一條路留著下次走吧！ Yet knowing how way leads on to way, 未知前路如何接駁， I doubted if I should ever come back। 我能否再回頭。 I shall be telling this with a sigh 在多年以後的某處， Somewhere ages and ages hence: 我帶著嘆息陳述此事。 Two roads diverged in a wood, and I- 樹林裏有兩條叉路，而我， I took the one less traveled by, 我選了這條人跡罕至之路， And that has made all the difference. 從此際遇大不同。
Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) is, in the estimation of many, the greatest American poet of the 20th century and one of the greatest poets writing in English in the 20th century. Frost won a Pulitzer Prize in 1924, 1931, 1937, and 1943. His works explore the relationships between individuals and between people and nature. "The Road Not Taken" first appeared in his collection 'Mountain Interval' in 1916.
A Tricky Poem
Frost claims that he wrote this poem about his friend Edward Thomas, with whom he had walked many times in the woods near London. Frost has said that while walking they would come to different paths and after choosing one, Thomas would always fret wondering what they might have missed by not taking the other path.About the poem, Frost asserted, "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem - very tricky." And he is, of course, correct. The poem has been and continues to be used as an inspirational poem, one that to the undiscerning eye seems to be encouraging self-reliance, not following where others have led.But a close reading of the poem proves otherwise. It does not moralize about choice, it simply says that choice is inevitable but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived it.
Poetry, Poem: The Road Not Taken, by Walt Whitman Uploaded by RedMikey on Jun 12, 2004 The Road Not Taken: Dying with the Choices We Make The Road Not Taken can be interpreted many different ways. Depending on the past, present and future attitude one has at the time he read it determines the way the poem may be interpreted. As the title indicates the central theme of this poem is choices. Most people agree that in the poem that Frost was expressing the belief that it is the road or path that one takes or chooses that makes him the man who he is today and will be tomorrow. Everyone is a traveler on lives roads .In the poem there is never just one road to take. Life is a struggle to make the decision of which road to take but a choice must be made. A traveler comes upon "two road deversised in a yellow wood" He is at a cross road point in his life. He is unable to take both paths at once and must make a decision which way he would like to go or how to live his life. He must decide but is remorseful as he states "And sorry I could not travel both". This decision is always difficult to make because it is impossible not to wonder at the cost of taking this path over that one. He can not help but wonder what he will miss if he chooses this road over that one .There is regret before the choice is ever made. He relaxes that in one lifetime it is impossible to travel down both roads and he has a difficult choice to make and is carefully considering his options as well as wondering were each could lead . In attempting to make this decision the traveler "looks down one as far as I could," trying to see the future and were this road might lead. Both roads lead to the unknown and although he tries to see as far as the road stretches he cannot see where it is going to lead. It is the way he chooses that sets him of on his journey of life and determines were he is going.
He makes his decision and chooses "Then took the other just as far and having perhaps the better claim." This road has a better claim because it was the one that appealed more to him and "it was grassy and wanted wear." He feels he choose the road that most people do not take because it is less traveled and not the most popular secure one. His choice helps show the type of person he was and his personality. He does not necessarily follow the crowd, but tales the road that has never been traveled or is new and different. He thinks he is a independent fellow, not afraid to strike out on his own. After taking this road he relaxes that both paths are actually "worn almost the same,indicating that an equal number of people have actually taken both paths, and he is not the first to go this way. Next the traveler observes that "And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black". Leaves had fallen and it had been a long time since anyone had past on this road. Every time a person comes to a point in life when they have to make a choice, they feel like they are the only one ever faced this choice and are going somewhere no one else has been. "I kept the other for another day!" The traveler expresses the desire to be able to travel both roads . He tries to hold on to the possibility that he could still travel the other one also at another time. He realizes however "knowing how way leads to way" that this decision is not just a temporary one and once made he "doubts if I should ever come back", realizing that this choice will affect other choices he makes in the future. Once you choose you cannot turn back, it cannot be undone.The road the traveler does not take becomes the "Road Not Taken" as is the name of the poem. Once again at the end of the poem the traveler expresses regret. The traveler realizes at the end of his life, somewhere ages and ages hence". he will have regrets about the choice he make and he can not go back and travel down the road he did not take then and wonders what his life would have been like had he chosen differently and took the other road or choice. Still the traveler is proud and pleased with the choice he did make and realizes that this choice is what made him live his life the way he did and the reasons he turned out like he did as opposed to the other road he could have taken . At the conciliation of the poem even with the regrets, the choice of roads was a decision he made himself. He may have chosen the unconventional road , but he did what he wanted and this has made him the man he is today. This poem I feel is about choices. All through life decisions will haft to be made and roads chosen. The road we choose helps determine the kind of person we are and the life we lead. Once choices are made you cant go back . Even though you may regret your choice at a later date or wish you had chosen differently. The "Road Not Taken" will always be a mystery and something to wonder about. Taking "the road less traveled by" and not going down the popular more conventional road may lead to as satisfying life as taking the conventional path. You must live with, and eventually die with, every choice you make.
2007年7月19日 星期四
2007年7月18日 星期三
2007年7月16日 星期一
Schrodinger's Cat
Schrödinger's cat
Or did you mean: Schrödinger's Cat (thought experiment), Schrödinger's Cat trilogy , Schrödinger's cat in popular culture , In Search of Schrödinger's Cat
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Schrödinger's cat
Celebrated animal introduced by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) in 1935, in a thought experiment showing the strange nature of the world of quantum mechanics. The cat is thought of as locked in a box with a capsule of cyanide, which will break if a Geiger counter triggers. This will happen if an atom in a radioactive substance in the box decays, and there is a chance of 50% of such an event within an hour. Otherwise the cat is alive. The problem is that the system is in an indeterminate state. The wave function of the entire system is a ‘superposition’ of states, fully described by the probabilities of events occurring when it is eventually measured, and therefore ‘contains equal parts of the living and dead cat’. When we look and see we will find either an alive cat or a dead cat, but if it is only as we look that the wave packet collapses, quantum mechanics forces us to say that before we looked it was not true that the cat was dead and also not true that it was alive. The thought experiment makes vivid the difficulty of conceiving of quantum indeterminacies when these are translated to the familiar world of everyday objects.
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Schrödinger's cat
Schrödinger's Cat: If the nucleus in the bottom left decays, the Geiger counter on its right will sense it and trigger the release of the gas. In one hour, there is a 50% chance that the nucleus will decay, and therefore that the gas will be released and kill the cat.
Schrödinger's cat is a seemingly paradoxical thought experiment devised by Erwin Schrödinger that attempts to illustrate the incompleteness of an early interpretation of quantum mechanics when going from subatomic to macroscopic systems. Schrödinger proposed his "cat" after debates with Albert Einstein over the Copenhagen interpretation, which Schrödinger defended, stating in essence that if a scenario existed where a cat could be so isolated from external interference (decoherence), the state of the cat can only be known as a superposition (combination) of possible rest states (eigenstates), because finding out (measuring the state) cannot be done without the observer interfering with the experiment — the measurement system (the observer) is entangled with the experiment.
The thought experiment serves to illustrate the strangeness of quantum mechanics and the mathematics necessary to describe quantum states. The idea of a particle existing in a superposition of possible states, while a fact of quantum mechanics, is a concept that does not scale to large systems (like cats), which are not indeterminably probabilistic in nature. Philosophically, these positions which emphasize either probability or determined outcomes are called (respectively) positivism and determinism.
The thought experiment
Schrödinger wrote:
One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer which shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naively accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.
– [1]
An illustration of both states, a dead and living cat. According to quantum theory, after an hour the cat is in a quantum superposition of coexisting alive and dead states. Yet when we look in the box we expect to only see one of the states, not a mixture of them.
The experiment must be shielded from the environment to prevent quantum decoherence from inducing wavefunction collapse.
The above text is a translation of two paragraphs from within a much larger original article, which appeared in the German magazine Naturwissenschaften ("Natural Sciences") in 1935.[2] It was intended as a discussion of the EPR article published by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in the same year. Apart from introducing the cat, Schrödinger also coined the term "entanglement" (German: Verschränkung) in his article.
Schrödinger's famous Gedankenexperiment poses the question: when does a quantum system stop existing as a mixture of states and become one or the other? (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a linear combination of states, each of which resemble different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The purpose of the thought experiment is to illustrate this apparent paradox: our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states, yet it seems cats can be such a mixture. Are cats required to be observers, or does their existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Albert Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues; in a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950 he wrote:
You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality—if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.
But perhaps it was inevitable that Einstein would be impressed with Schrödinger's cat—Einstein had previously suggested to Schrödinger a similar paradox involving an unstable keg of gunpowder, instead of a cat. Schrödinger had taken the next step of applying quantum mechanics to an entity that may or may not be conscious, to further illustrate the putative incompleteness of quantum mechanics.
Copenhagen interpretation
Quantum physics
Quantum mechanics
Introduction to...Mathematical formulation of...
Fundamental concepts
Decoherence · InterferenceUncertainty · ExclusionTransformation theoryEhrenfest theorem · Measurement
Experiments
Double-slit experimentDavisson-Germer experimentStern–Gerlach experimentEPR paradox · Popper's experiment Schrödinger's cat
Equations
Schrödinger equationPauli equationKlein-Gordon equationDirac equation
Advanced theories
Quantum field theoryQuantum electrodynamicsQuantum chromodynamicsQuantum gravityFeynman diagram
Interpretations
Copenhagen · Quantum logicHidden variables · TransactionalMany-worlds · EnsembleConsistent histories · RelationalConsciousness causes collapseOrchestrated objective reduction
Scientists
Planck · SchrödingerHeisenberg · Bohr · PauliDirac · Bohm · Bornde Broglie · von NeumannEinstein · FeynmanEverett · Others
In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well defined in this interpretation. Some interpret the experiment to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states. More intuitively, some feel that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector. This line of thinking can be developed into Objective collapse theories. In contrast, the many worlds approach denies that collapse ever occurs.
Steven Weinberg said:
All this familiar story is true, but it leaves out an irony. Bohr's version of quantum mechanics was deeply flawed, but not for the reason Einstein thought. The Copenhagen interpretation describes what happens when an observer makes a measurement, but the observer and the act of measurement are themselves treated classically. This is surely wrong: Physicists and their apparatus must be governed by the same quantum mechanical rules that govern everything else in the universe. But these rules are expressed in terms of a wavefunction (or, more precisely, a state vector) that evolves in a perfectly deterministic way. So where do the probabilistic rules of the Copenhagen interpretation come from?Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward the resolution of the problem, which I cannot go into here. It is enough to say that neither Bohr nor Einstein had focused on the real problem with quantum mechanics. The Copenhagen rules clearly work, so they have to be accepted. But this leaves the task of explaining them by applying the deterministic equation for the evolution of the wavefunction, the Schrödinger equation, to observers and their apparatus.[3]
Everett many-worlds interpretation & consistent histories
In the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process, both states persist, but are decoherent from each other. If states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them. When an observer opens the box, he becomes entangled with the cat, so observer-states corresponding to the cat being alive and dead are formed, and each can have no interaction with the other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of Consistent Histories. Only the "dead cat" or "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation.
In other words, when the box is opened, the universe (or at least the part of the universe containing the observer and cat) is split into two separate universes, one containing an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, one containing an observer looking at a box with a live cat.
Ensemble interpretation
The Ensemble Interpretation seeks to portray superpositions as nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. That being the case, the state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similar prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation hope this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial non issue. However, they do not have an ontological account of what is occurring in experiments which do not involve ensembles, such as the single-particle version of Young's slits experiments and quantum computing. No framework but superposition has been offered explain why these phenomena exist at all.[4]. If they admit that there is such a phenomenon as superposition, the proponents of the Ensemble interpretation are left without any response to the challenge of the paradox: how and whether collapse occurs. On the other hand, if superposition is denied, then various well-attested phenomena are left unexplained.[5].
Objective collapse theories
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation) when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, etc) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This perhaps illustrates that the nub of the paradox is not superposition or collapse but observation.
Practical applications
The experiment is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed.
This has some practical use in quantum computing and quantum cryptography. It is possible to send light that is in a superposition of states down a fiber optic cable. Placing a wiretap in the middle of the cable which intercepts and retransmits the transmission will collapse the wavefunction (in the Copenhagen interpretation, "perform an observation") and cause the light to fall into one state or another. By performing statistical tests on the light received at the other end of the cable, one can tell whether it remains in the superposition of states or has already been observed and retransmitted. In principle, this allows the development of communication systems that cannot be tapped without the tap being noticed at the other end. This experiment can be argued to illustrate that "observation" in the Copenhagen interpretation has nothing to do with consciousness (unless some version of Panpsychism is true), in that a perfectly unconscious wiretap will cause the statistics at the end of the wire to be different . Yet, one still cannot factor out the observation of the wiretap as having an effect upon the outcome.
In quantum computing, the phrase "cat state" often refers to the special entanglement of qubits where the qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1, i.e. + .
A variant of the Schrödinger's Cat experiment known as the quantum suicide machine has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's Cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that this may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many worlds. Another variant on the experiment is Wigner's friend.
Physicist Stephen Hawking once said, "When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my gun," paraphrasing German playwright and Nazi "Poet Laureate", Hanns Johst's famous phrase "Wenn ich 'Kultur' höre, entsichere ich meinen Browning!" ("When I hear the word 'culture', I release the safety on my Browning," often paraphrased as something like, "When I hear the word 'culture,' I reach for my gun.")
In fact, Hawking and many other physicists are of the opinion that the "Copenhagen School" interpretation of quantum mechanics unduly stresses the role of the observer. Still, a final consensus on this point among physicists seems to be out of reach.
See also
Basis function
Double-slit experiment
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Quantum suicide
Quantum Zeno effect
Schrödinger's cat in popular culture
Schroedinbug
Wigner's friend
References
^ http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5
^ E. Schrödinger: "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" ("The present situation in quantum mechanics"), Naturwissenschaften, 48, 807, 49, 823, 50, 844 (November 1935).
^ Weinberg, Steven (November 2005). "Einstein's Mistakes". Physics Today: 31.
^ Can Schrödinger's Cat Factor large Numbers
^ "The Ensemble interpretation is now only of historical interest", John Gribbin, Q for Quantum
External links
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Schrödinger's cat
Erwin Schrödinger, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics (Translation)
A Lazy Layman's Guide to Quantum Physics
Quantum Mechanics and Schrodinger's Cat
The many worlds of quantum mechanics
The Straight Dope's Poem of Schroedinger's Cat
The EPR paper
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Or did you mean: Schrödinger's Cat (thought experiment), Schrödinger's Cat trilogy , Schrödinger's cat in popular culture , In Search of Schrödinger's Cat
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Or did you mean: Schrödinger's Cat (thought experiment), Schrödinger's Cat trilogy , Schrödinger's cat in popular culture , In Search of Schrödinger's Cat
Philosophy Dictionary
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Home > Library > Reference > Philosophy Dictionary
Schrödinger's cat
Celebrated animal introduced by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) in 1935, in a thought experiment showing the strange nature of the world of quantum mechanics. The cat is thought of as locked in a box with a capsule of cyanide, which will break if a Geiger counter triggers. This will happen if an atom in a radioactive substance in the box decays, and there is a chance of 50% of such an event within an hour. Otherwise the cat is alive. The problem is that the system is in an indeterminate state. The wave function of the entire system is a ‘superposition’ of states, fully described by the probabilities of events occurring when it is eventually measured, and therefore ‘contains equal parts of the living and dead cat’. When we look and see we will find either an alive cat or a dead cat, but if it is only as we look that the wave packet collapses, quantum mechanics forces us to say that before we looked it was not true that the cat was dead and also not true that it was alive. The thought experiment makes vivid the difficulty of conceiving of quantum indeterminacies when these are translated to the familiar world of everyday objects.
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Schrödinger's cat
Schrödinger's Cat: If the nucleus in the bottom left decays, the Geiger counter on its right will sense it and trigger the release of the gas. In one hour, there is a 50% chance that the nucleus will decay, and therefore that the gas will be released and kill the cat.
Schrödinger's cat is a seemingly paradoxical thought experiment devised by Erwin Schrödinger that attempts to illustrate the incompleteness of an early interpretation of quantum mechanics when going from subatomic to macroscopic systems. Schrödinger proposed his "cat" after debates with Albert Einstein over the Copenhagen interpretation, which Schrödinger defended, stating in essence that if a scenario existed where a cat could be so isolated from external interference (decoherence), the state of the cat can only be known as a superposition (combination) of possible rest states (eigenstates), because finding out (measuring the state) cannot be done without the observer interfering with the experiment — the measurement system (the observer) is entangled with the experiment.
The thought experiment serves to illustrate the strangeness of quantum mechanics and the mathematics necessary to describe quantum states. The idea of a particle existing in a superposition of possible states, while a fact of quantum mechanics, is a concept that does not scale to large systems (like cats), which are not indeterminably probabilistic in nature. Philosophically, these positions which emphasize either probability or determined outcomes are called (respectively) positivism and determinism.
The thought experiment
Schrödinger wrote:
One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer which shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naively accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.
– [1]
An illustration of both states, a dead and living cat. According to quantum theory, after an hour the cat is in a quantum superposition of coexisting alive and dead states. Yet when we look in the box we expect to only see one of the states, not a mixture of them.
The experiment must be shielded from the environment to prevent quantum decoherence from inducing wavefunction collapse.
The above text is a translation of two paragraphs from within a much larger original article, which appeared in the German magazine Naturwissenschaften ("Natural Sciences") in 1935.[2] It was intended as a discussion of the EPR article published by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in the same year. Apart from introducing the cat, Schrödinger also coined the term "entanglement" (German: Verschränkung) in his article.
Schrödinger's famous Gedankenexperiment poses the question: when does a quantum system stop existing as a mixture of states and become one or the other? (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a linear combination of states, each of which resemble different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The purpose of the thought experiment is to illustrate this apparent paradox: our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states, yet it seems cats can be such a mixture. Are cats required to be observers, or does their existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Albert Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues; in a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950 he wrote:
You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality—if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.
But perhaps it was inevitable that Einstein would be impressed with Schrödinger's cat—Einstein had previously suggested to Schrödinger a similar paradox involving an unstable keg of gunpowder, instead of a cat. Schrödinger had taken the next step of applying quantum mechanics to an entity that may or may not be conscious, to further illustrate the putative incompleteness of quantum mechanics.
Copenhagen interpretation
Quantum physics
Quantum mechanics
Introduction to...Mathematical formulation of...
Fundamental concepts
Decoherence · InterferenceUncertainty · ExclusionTransformation theoryEhrenfest theorem · Measurement
Experiments
Double-slit experimentDavisson-Germer experimentStern–Gerlach experimentEPR paradox · Popper's experiment Schrödinger's cat
Equations
Schrödinger equationPauli equationKlein-Gordon equationDirac equation
Advanced theories
Quantum field theoryQuantum electrodynamicsQuantum chromodynamicsQuantum gravityFeynman diagram
Interpretations
Copenhagen · Quantum logicHidden variables · TransactionalMany-worlds · EnsembleConsistent histories · RelationalConsciousness causes collapseOrchestrated objective reduction
Scientists
Planck · SchrödingerHeisenberg · Bohr · PauliDirac · Bohm · Bornde Broglie · von NeumannEinstein · FeynmanEverett · Others
In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well defined in this interpretation. Some interpret the experiment to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states. More intuitively, some feel that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector. This line of thinking can be developed into Objective collapse theories. In contrast, the many worlds approach denies that collapse ever occurs.
Steven Weinberg said:
All this familiar story is true, but it leaves out an irony. Bohr's version of quantum mechanics was deeply flawed, but not for the reason Einstein thought. The Copenhagen interpretation describes what happens when an observer makes a measurement, but the observer and the act of measurement are themselves treated classically. This is surely wrong: Physicists and their apparatus must be governed by the same quantum mechanical rules that govern everything else in the universe. But these rules are expressed in terms of a wavefunction (or, more precisely, a state vector) that evolves in a perfectly deterministic way. So where do the probabilistic rules of the Copenhagen interpretation come from?Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward the resolution of the problem, which I cannot go into here. It is enough to say that neither Bohr nor Einstein had focused on the real problem with quantum mechanics. The Copenhagen rules clearly work, so they have to be accepted. But this leaves the task of explaining them by applying the deterministic equation for the evolution of the wavefunction, the Schrödinger equation, to observers and their apparatus.[3]
Everett many-worlds interpretation & consistent histories
In the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process, both states persist, but are decoherent from each other. If states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them. When an observer opens the box, he becomes entangled with the cat, so observer-states corresponding to the cat being alive and dead are formed, and each can have no interaction with the other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of Consistent Histories. Only the "dead cat" or "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation.
In other words, when the box is opened, the universe (or at least the part of the universe containing the observer and cat) is split into two separate universes, one containing an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, one containing an observer looking at a box with a live cat.
Ensemble interpretation
The Ensemble Interpretation seeks to portray superpositions as nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. That being the case, the state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similar prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation hope this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial non issue. However, they do not have an ontological account of what is occurring in experiments which do not involve ensembles, such as the single-particle version of Young's slits experiments and quantum computing. No framework but superposition has been offered explain why these phenomena exist at all.[4]. If they admit that there is such a phenomenon as superposition, the proponents of the Ensemble interpretation are left without any response to the challenge of the paradox: how and whether collapse occurs. On the other hand, if superposition is denied, then various well-attested phenomena are left unexplained.[5].
Objective collapse theories
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation) when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, etc) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This perhaps illustrates that the nub of the paradox is not superposition or collapse but observation.
Practical applications
The experiment is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed.
This has some practical use in quantum computing and quantum cryptography. It is possible to send light that is in a superposition of states down a fiber optic cable. Placing a wiretap in the middle of the cable which intercepts and retransmits the transmission will collapse the wavefunction (in the Copenhagen interpretation, "perform an observation") and cause the light to fall into one state or another. By performing statistical tests on the light received at the other end of the cable, one can tell whether it remains in the superposition of states or has already been observed and retransmitted. In principle, this allows the development of communication systems that cannot be tapped without the tap being noticed at the other end. This experiment can be argued to illustrate that "observation" in the Copenhagen interpretation has nothing to do with consciousness (unless some version of Panpsychism is true), in that a perfectly unconscious wiretap will cause the statistics at the end of the wire to be different . Yet, one still cannot factor out the observation of the wiretap as having an effect upon the outcome.
In quantum computing, the phrase "cat state" often refers to the special entanglement of qubits where the qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1, i.e. + .
A variant of the Schrödinger's Cat experiment known as the quantum suicide machine has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's Cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that this may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many worlds. Another variant on the experiment is Wigner's friend.
Physicist Stephen Hawking once said, "When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my gun," paraphrasing German playwright and Nazi "Poet Laureate", Hanns Johst's famous phrase "Wenn ich 'Kultur' höre, entsichere ich meinen Browning!" ("When I hear the word 'culture', I release the safety on my Browning," often paraphrased as something like, "When I hear the word 'culture,' I reach for my gun.")
In fact, Hawking and many other physicists are of the opinion that the "Copenhagen School" interpretation of quantum mechanics unduly stresses the role of the observer. Still, a final consensus on this point among physicists seems to be out of reach.
See also
Basis function
Double-slit experiment
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Quantum suicide
Quantum Zeno effect
Schrödinger's cat in popular culture
Schroedinbug
Wigner's friend
References
^ http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5
^ E. Schrödinger: "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" ("The present situation in quantum mechanics"), Naturwissenschaften, 48, 807, 49, 823, 50, 844 (November 1935).
^ Weinberg, Steven (November 2005). "Einstein's Mistakes". Physics Today: 31.
^ Can Schrödinger's Cat Factor large Numbers
^ "The Ensemble interpretation is now only of historical interest", John Gribbin, Q for Quantum
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Schrödinger's cat
Erwin Schrödinger, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics (Translation)
A Lazy Layman's Guide to Quantum Physics
Quantum Mechanics and Schrodinger's Cat
The many worlds of quantum mechanics
The Straight Dope's Poem of Schroedinger's Cat
The EPR paper
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2007年7月14日 星期六
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2007年7月12日 星期四
LE PETIT PRINCE
| ||||||
張元濟和他的書
感時篇》張元濟和他的書
【聯合報╱張作錦】
2007.07.12 02:35 am
提起近代中國的教育家，大家一定會想到北大校長蔡元培。但是，商務印書館負責人張元濟，亦不遑多讓。蔡元培的教育在學校，張元濟的教育在社會。蔡元培是菁英教育，張元濟是「有教無類」。蔡元培的學生不過成千上萬，張元濟的「受業弟子」則是千千萬萬。
懷著這樣的敬意，這次到上海，去拜訪張元濟故居。沿著淮海中路，一邊找1285弄24號，一邊在腦海裡「編整」張元濟這一生。
張元濟，字菊生，生於清同治六年，即公元1867年，祖籍浙江海鹽。那個時代的青年自然要讀書求功名。他縣試、鄉試都名列前茅，入京會試得中進士。1894年被委任刑部主事，正式進入仕途，不久升為總理衙門章京。
張元濟的為官之路雖然平坦，但國家的命運卻非常坎坷。外國不斷大軍壓境，中國不斷割地賠款。張元濟開始重視西學，學習英文，並與友人合辦「通藝學堂」，推展新式教育，希望能以這些努力裨益國家。
康、梁變法失敗，一批被視為「新黨」的朝臣被「革職永不錄用」，張元濟是其中之一。於是他攜家南下上海，開啟他人生的另一新頁。
張元濟堅信教育為立國之本，更逐漸認識到，「菁英教育」雖然有它的價值，但中國今天所需要的，卻是能普及大眾的「平民教育」。這樣的教育需要一個「載體」，於是他投入後半生全力為之、生死以之的大事業──「商務印書館」。
商務印書館由夏瑞芳創設於1897年，為一簡陋的小印刷廠，承印一些與商務有關的傳單、帳冊、票據之類，故名商務印書館。張元濟居然參與做這樣的「小生意」，在很多人看來，是一項犧牲和冒險。張氏所以這樣做，是一位憂國憂民知識分子對文化啟蒙的抱負，對教育國民的責任感。
以張元濟的中西知識和官場經歷，他到商務，立即為它架起了一座連接學術界、政界和教育界的橋樑。很多知識分子，包括他鄉試「同年好友」蔡元培，都來加入。
張元濟到任之初，即為商務確立了以「扶助教育」為核心的出版宗旨。既以出版來扶助教育，首要是編印一套夠水準的教科書。在蔡元培等人的領導下，於1904年起，陸續推出了初等、高等小學教科書，除國文外，還包括修身、格致、筆算、珠算、中國歷史、中外地理、理科、農業、商業等等，共16種78冊，風行全國。
除了主持編纂教科書外，張元濟對西書的中譯亦極為關注。他進館不久即組織出版了帝國叢書、政學叢書、歷史叢書、財政叢書、商業叢書、地理叢書、戰史叢書、說部叢書、傳記叢書、哲學叢書等一系列叢書和各種中外文辭書，為新知新學的普及傳播推波助瀾。除此之外，尤銳意出版西方經典，其中以嚴復所譯名著和林紓所譯小說影響最大，思想界耳目為之一新。
另一方面，張元濟更廣邀高級知識分子參加編譯所，使商務在文化啟蒙、教育發展上，更能發揮領航作用。自1920年至1922年間，陸續進館的有陳布雷、周昌壽、謝六逸、鄭振鐸、周建人、李石岑、楊端六、朱經農、竺可楨、任鴻雋、周鯁生、陶孟和、顧頡剛和范壽康等；同時還聘請陳獨秀、胡明復、楊銓等為館外編輯。在兩三年內延聘如此眾多的專家，非有大號召力的人不能為此。
商務還想請胡適來任編譯所長，但胡考慮後，認為「我的性情和訓練都不配做這件事」，推薦他在「中國公學」時的英文老師王雲五接任。王長於經營，把商務更向前推進一步。
張元濟對文化的理想與抱負，使他把商務看成一個教育機關，努力糾合學者專家一起努力，讓商務完成了文化建國的初步任務。
說是「初步」，因為抗戰來了，時難年荒，何談出版？跟著大陸「解放」了，連「文化」都被「革命」了，張元濟還能再有文化理想？
1948年4月，張元濟當選首屆中研院院士，1949年底中風，長年臥床，但仍汲汲於古籍的校訂、書跋和影印。1959年8月4日以93歲高齡謝世。
張氏故居是一棟三層西式樓房，每層有兩間並排朝南的房間。房子不算太大，但能想見當年的精緻。現在張氏的孫子張人鳳住在三樓，一樓、二樓都分給了他人。張家出國去了，鎖上門，我們無緣登樓瞻仰。
張元濟一生除了出版書，也是讀書人和藏書家。以張人鳳現住三樓的面積論，他收藏的那些珍本書、善本書想已不在。不過他出版過的那些書，都散落千家萬戶，永存人們心底。
【2007/07/12 聯合報】@ http://udn.com/
【聯合報╱張作錦】
2007.07.12 02:35 am
提起近代中國的教育家，大家一定會想到北大校長蔡元培。但是，商務印書館負責人張元濟，亦不遑多讓。蔡元培的教育在學校，張元濟的教育在社會。蔡元培是菁英教育，張元濟是「有教無類」。蔡元培的學生不過成千上萬，張元濟的「受業弟子」則是千千萬萬。
懷著這樣的敬意，這次到上海，去拜訪張元濟故居。沿著淮海中路，一邊找1285弄24號，一邊在腦海裡「編整」張元濟這一生。
張元濟，字菊生，生於清同治六年，即公元1867年，祖籍浙江海鹽。那個時代的青年自然要讀書求功名。他縣試、鄉試都名列前茅，入京會試得中進士。1894年被委任刑部主事，正式進入仕途，不久升為總理衙門章京。
張元濟的為官之路雖然平坦，但國家的命運卻非常坎坷。外國不斷大軍壓境，中國不斷割地賠款。張元濟開始重視西學，學習英文，並與友人合辦「通藝學堂」，推展新式教育，希望能以這些努力裨益國家。
康、梁變法失敗，一批被視為「新黨」的朝臣被「革職永不錄用」，張元濟是其中之一。於是他攜家南下上海，開啟他人生的另一新頁。
張元濟堅信教育為立國之本，更逐漸認識到，「菁英教育」雖然有它的價值，但中國今天所需要的，卻是能普及大眾的「平民教育」。這樣的教育需要一個「載體」，於是他投入後半生全力為之、生死以之的大事業──「商務印書館」。
商務印書館由夏瑞芳創設於1897年，為一簡陋的小印刷廠，承印一些與商務有關的傳單、帳冊、票據之類，故名商務印書館。張元濟居然參與做這樣的「小生意」，在很多人看來，是一項犧牲和冒險。張氏所以這樣做，是一位憂國憂民知識分子對文化啟蒙的抱負，對教育國民的責任感。
以張元濟的中西知識和官場經歷，他到商務，立即為它架起了一座連接學術界、政界和教育界的橋樑。很多知識分子，包括他鄉試「同年好友」蔡元培，都來加入。
張元濟到任之初，即為商務確立了以「扶助教育」為核心的出版宗旨。既以出版來扶助教育，首要是編印一套夠水準的教科書。在蔡元培等人的領導下，於1904年起，陸續推出了初等、高等小學教科書，除國文外，還包括修身、格致、筆算、珠算、中國歷史、中外地理、理科、農業、商業等等，共16種78冊，風行全國。
除了主持編纂教科書外，張元濟對西書的中譯亦極為關注。他進館不久即組織出版了帝國叢書、政學叢書、歷史叢書、財政叢書、商業叢書、地理叢書、戰史叢書、說部叢書、傳記叢書、哲學叢書等一系列叢書和各種中外文辭書，為新知新學的普及傳播推波助瀾。除此之外，尤銳意出版西方經典，其中以嚴復所譯名著和林紓所譯小說影響最大，思想界耳目為之一新。
另一方面，張元濟更廣邀高級知識分子參加編譯所，使商務在文化啟蒙、教育發展上，更能發揮領航作用。自1920年至1922年間，陸續進館的有陳布雷、周昌壽、謝六逸、鄭振鐸、周建人、李石岑、楊端六、朱經農、竺可楨、任鴻雋、周鯁生、陶孟和、顧頡剛和范壽康等；同時還聘請陳獨秀、胡明復、楊銓等為館外編輯。在兩三年內延聘如此眾多的專家，非有大號召力的人不能為此。
商務還想請胡適來任編譯所長，但胡考慮後，認為「我的性情和訓練都不配做這件事」，推薦他在「中國公學」時的英文老師王雲五接任。王長於經營，把商務更向前推進一步。
張元濟對文化的理想與抱負，使他把商務看成一個教育機關，努力糾合學者專家一起努力，讓商務完成了文化建國的初步任務。
說是「初步」，因為抗戰來了，時難年荒，何談出版？跟著大陸「解放」了，連「文化」都被「革命」了，張元濟還能再有文化理想？
1948年4月，張元濟當選首屆中研院院士，1949年底中風，長年臥床，但仍汲汲於古籍的校訂、書跋和影印。1959年8月4日以93歲高齡謝世。
張氏故居是一棟三層西式樓房，每層有兩間並排朝南的房間。房子不算太大，但能想見當年的精緻。現在張氏的孫子張人鳳住在三樓，一樓、二樓都分給了他人。張家出國去了，鎖上門，我們無緣登樓瞻仰。
張元濟一生除了出版書，也是讀書人和藏書家。以張人鳳現住三樓的面積論，他收藏的那些珍本書、善本書想已不在。不過他出版過的那些書，都散落千家萬戶，永存人們心底。
【2007/07/12 聯合報】@ http://udn.com/
2007年7月11日 星期三
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[edit] Notes
^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/
^ http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html
^ http://www.rigzone.com/analysis/rigs/insight.asp?i_id=213
^ John McCarthy (2006). Facts From Choen and Others. Progress and its Sustainability. Stanford. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Schwartz, J. 2004. "Emergency preparedness and response: compensating victims of a nuclear accident." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 111, Issues 1-3, July, 89-96.
^ [1]
^ DOE's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar FAQ
^ [2]
^ Renewable Resource Data Center - PV Correction Factors
^ [3]
External links fr http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability
The external links in this article or section may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies.Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. Please remove this tag when this is done. (talk)
Sustainability Portal (in Spanish)
Encyclopedia of Earth: Sustainability
(ISC) The Institute for Sustainable Communication—Dedicated to raising awareness and capacity for the sustainable use of print and other communication media.
Grant Thornton International Business Report Energy & Environment focus
Worldchanging—the (award-winning) largest sustainability blog in the world.
Choosing Green—video portal featuring content on sustainable building and architecture.
Inside Green Business—A leading trade publication providing news and analysis on sustainability and the greening of industry.
Sustainable Community Action Wiki—for anyone interested in action toward local sustainability, but especially ordinary people and community groups. Seeks to link up community and personal action for sustainability worldwide.
SustainLane US City Rankings A flyover tour and comparative sustainability ranking of the 50 largest US cities.
SustainLane Government Urban sustainability "best practices" database (public) and peer network (private; government practitioners).
Appropedia, an active wiki on sustainability, appropriate technology and international development.
interrupcion*—A community of organizations and individuals working together to promote sustainability, social responsibility.
Decision Theater—Helping policy makers to address sustainability issues through visualization, simulation and collaboration.
Foundation for Sustainable Development—Sustainable Solutions for the Developing World.
SustainUS The U.S. Youth Network for Sustainable Development
Green Progress—Green building and sustainable development news.
One Planet Living
WWW—Virtual Library—sustainable development—links.
iNSnet—Portal site for sustainable development.
Sustainability Now—Many references on Sustainability—from an engineering perspective.
Self Help Development InternationalSHDI is an Irish agency engaged in promoting long term sustainable development projects in Africa.
Sustainable Living Foundation
Sustainability reports portal—for downloading or ordering Sustainability reports
Sustainability news coverage—from American Public Media.
A series of articles on college sustainability programs in The Chronicle of Higher Education
Marion Institute Dedicated to promoting innovative, practical and replicable solutions to a wide range of environmental and social-justice challenges at the root-cause level.
"The Next Green Revolution" article on sustainability in Wired Magazine.
Global Scenario Group—convened in 1995 to examine the scientific requirements for a transition to a sustainable planetary society
Sustainability Comix Focusing on political, economic and cultural factors.
What is Sustainability by Brian Kermath
Living on a finite earth and climate change Fact sheets on more sustainable living and reducing greenhouse gases.
Sustainability blog from the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
Sustainable Design Forum
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Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy—ejournal.nbii.org: a peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides a platform for the dissemination of new practices and for dialogue emerging out of the field of sustainability.
[edit] Research and policy programs
Graham Environmental Sustainability Institutue—Multidisciplinary, sustainable research and education at the University of Michigan
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[3]—PhD Progam in Sustainability Education, Limited Residency, Prescott Arizona
Blekinge Institute of Technology—Master’s programme for Strategic Leadership Towards Sustainability in Karlskrona, Sweden
School of Sustainability at Arizona State University—Undergraduate, Graduate and Certificates in Sustainability at Arizona State University
Presidio School of Management offers an accredited MBA in Sustainable Management, integrating sustainability principles into every business course.
Graham Environmental Sustainability Institutue—Multidisciplinary sustainable research and education at the University of Michigan
Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise—Sustainability Education and Research Institute at the University of Michigan
International Institute for Sustainable Development (Canadian)
[show]
v • d • e
Sustainability and Energy development
Future
2000 Watt society · Hubbert peak · Peak oil
Transportation
Air car · Alternative fuel · Alternative propulsion · Battery electric vehicle · Bicycle · Bioalcohol · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Biomass to liquid · Bus rapid transit · Ecodriving · Electric power-assist system · Electric vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Hydrogen station · Hydrogen vehicle · Low-energy vehicle · Plug-in hybrid · Production battery electric vehicle · Public transport · Pyrolysis · Trolleybus · TWIKE · utility cycling · Vegetable oil used as fuel
Energy Conversion
Electricity generation · Distributed generation · Microgeneration · Sustainable community energy system · Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Biological energy · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass · Mechanical biological treatmentChemical energy · Blue energy · Fuel cell · Hydrogen productionGeothermal power · Deep lake water cooling · Earth cooling tubesHydroelectricity · Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Wave powerNuclear power · Inertial fusion power plant · Fusion · Nuclear reactor · Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorSolar power · Active solar · Barra system · Central solar heating plant · Energy tower · Ocean Thermal · Passive solar · Passive solar building design · Photovoltaics · Solar cell · Solar combisystem · Solar panel · Solar pond · Solar power satellite · Solar power tower · Solar roof · Solar shingles · Solar thermal energy · Solar tracker · Solar updraft tower · Trombe wallWind power · Wind farm · Wind turbine
Storage · Flywheel energy storage · Grid energy storage · Hydrogen storage · Seasonal thermal store · Thermal energy storage
Sustainability
Ecological footprint · Ecosystem services · Ecovillage · Energy conservation · Energy Demand Management · Green map · Human Development Index · Infrastructural capital · Permaculture · Renewable energy · Self-sufficiency · Simple living · Sustainable development · Sustainable living · The Natural Step · TPE · Value of Earth · World energy resources and consumption · Zones (Permaculture)
Appropriate technology · Air engine · Autonomous building · Cob (building) · Composting toilet · Cool roof · Earth sheltering · Energy-efficient landscaping · Green roof · Hypermodernity · Low energy building · Passive house · Rammed earth · Sheet composting · Solar chimney · Straw-bale construction · Superinsulation · Technological singularity · WindcatcherSustainable agriculture · Food security · Forest gardening · Humanure · List of companion plants · List of repellent plants · Seed ball · Vermicompost · Zero energy buildingSustainable design · Environmental design · Sustainable architecture · Sustainable landscape architectureSustainable econonomics · Development economics · Green economics · Green Gross Domestic Product · Hydrogen economy · Liquid nitrogen economy · Low-carbon economy · Triple bottom lineSustainable industries · Agroforestry · Ecoforestry · Exploitation of natural resources · Green building · Green chemistry · Green computing · Natural building · Sustainable energy · Sustainable forest management · Sustainable procurement · Sustainable transport
Sustainable waste · Living machines · Mycoremediation
Management
Commission on Sustainable Development · Human development theory · Intermediate Technology Development Group · Maldevelopment · Precautionary principle · Rio Declaration on Environment and Development · Rocky Mountain Institute · Sim Van der Ryn · Underdevelopment · World Business Council for Sustainable Development · World Summit on Sustainable Development
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"
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Useful information and discussion about the world of energy, including oil and gas, peak oil, hydrogen, alternative energy, climate change, and geopolitics, from an experienced industry professional. Click on "comment" below any posting to write a response. A service of GSW Strategy Group, LLC. Content Copyright 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 by Geoffrey S.W. Styles. All rights reserved.
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Resources
Key Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Sites
LENR-CANR Library of Cold Fusion, LENR, CANR, CMNS Scientific Papers - The place for technical literature on the field
The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science - The official professional society for the field
Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Journal - The official journal, though it's been in start-up mode for a few years
Ed Storms' site - Storms is one of the most prolific and knowledgeable instructors in the field
JCF Society - Official Web site of the Japan CF Research Society
Charles G. Beaudette "Cold Fusion" Archive at University of Utah
Other Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Sites
Melvin Miles' site - Cold fusion pioneer
Collaborative Energy Research Group (CERG) - Collaboration of a few privately-funded CMNS researchers
The Greenview Group - Tom Benson and Tom Passell's collaboration
Dennis Craven's site - One of the most creative and innovative researchers in the CMNS field
Infinite Energy Magazine ICCF9 Report - Not current information, but important historical references
Infinite Energy Magazine ICCF8 Report - Not current information, but important historical references
Progegetto MEG - A private Italian cold fusion site
ENEA: Italian National Agency on Energy and Environment Cold Fusion site - One of the official government cold fusion laboratories
Cold Fusion Times: - Web site of Dr. Mitchell Swartz, a private U.S. cold fusion researcher
D2Fusion, Inc. - Web site of Russ George's cold fusion company (See related investigation)
Dieter Britz: Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus - A skeptical and interested observer of the field
Dr. Hideo Kozima of Portland State University - Site is not current, but provides good historical references
General New Energy Web Resources
Infinite Energy Magazine - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
Bill Beaty: More Cold Fusion web links - Chemistry professor, electrical engineer and addicted web guru
Alternative Energy Institute: Energy Solutions for the Twenty-first Century - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
New Energy Movement: organization founded by Dr. Brian O'Leary - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
Integrity Research Institute - Tom Valone's site (U.S. Patent Examiner)
Institute for New Energy - Site is not current, but provides good historical references
Related Web Resources
Nuclear Waste Watcher - Ron Bourgoin, keeping a close eye on nuclear waste
Suppression, Censorship and Dogmatism in Science - Anonymous' science philosophy site
[A little too ironic: On Dec. 7, 2006 New Energy Times received a message from the author of this site requesting that we remove his name from the listing. "After living in Germany and working in industry for two years, I'm ready to return to university teaching. There's an excellent job opening that I'm going to apply for, and I do not wish my writing on unorthodox science topics to affect my chances of getting hired. For that reason, I have removed my name from my "Suppressed Science" website, Could you remove all references to my name from your site? "]
Jeffrey Clymer's Sonofusion and Bubble Fusion Site
energy, sources of
energy, sources of, origins of the power used for transportation, for heat and light in dwelling and working areas, and for the manufacture of goods of all kinds, among other applications. The development of science and civilization is closely linked to the availability of energy in useful forms. Modern society consumes vast amounts of energy in all forms: light, heat, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and nuclear. The rate at which energy is produced or consumed is called power, although this term is sometimes used in common speech synonymously with energy.
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The Search for New Sources of Energy
Bibliography
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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OLADE
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REFOCUS
REFOCUS - The International Renewable Energy Magazine
REIN
Renewable Energy Information Network
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Royal Institute of International Affairs - Energy & Environmental Programme
RMI
Rocky Mountain Institute
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Gas Natural SDG
SEI
Sustainable Energy Ireland
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Sonex Research
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Save the Planet
Suzlon
Suzlon Energy Limited
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China Shan Xi Coal Industry Association
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United Nations Office at Geneva
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Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors of Electric Power in Africa
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UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development
WindPowerOnline
WindPowerOnline.com
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World Business Council for Sustainable Development
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World Coal Institute
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World Federation of Engineering Organisations
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World LP Gas Association's LP Gas & Sustainable Development section
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World Mining Congress
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Water and Sanitation Programme, World Bank/IBRD
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http://www.answers.com/Energy%20conservationSee also
An early attempt at energy conservation: This 1940 photo shows the chief minister of Travancore princely state in southern India test-riding a bus fueled by charcoal gas. This innovation was expected to considerably reduce the consumption of petrol. Source.
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
Energy crisis
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency in British housing
Jatropha incentives in India
Energy Saving Modules
Energy use in the United States
Fuel economy
Fuel efficiency
Lighting
Light pollution
Oil phase-out in Sweden
Oil price increases of 2004-2006
One Watt Initiative
Over-illumination
Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)
Thermal efficiency
Timeline of environmental events
MIT Design Advisor
Category:Low-energy building
Energy Conservation Building Code for Indian Commercial Buildings
Energie-Cités
World energy resources and consumption
Sustainability and Energy development
Future
2000 Watt society · Hubbert peak · Peak oil
Transportation
Air car · Alternative fuel · Alternative propulsion · Battery electric vehicle · Bicycle · Bioalcohol · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Biomass to liquid · Bus rapid transit · Ecodriving · Electric power-assist system · Electric vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Hydrogen station · Hydrogen vehicle · Low-energy vehicle · Plug-in hybrid · Production battery electric vehicle · Public transport · Pyrolysis · Trolleybus · TWIKE · utility cycling · Vegetable oil used as fuel
Energy Conversion
Electricity generation · Distributed generation · Microgeneration · Sustainable community energy system · Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Biological energy · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass · Mechanical biological treatmentChemical energy · Blue energy · Fuel cell · Hydrogen productionGeothermal power · Deep lake water cooling · Earth cooling tubesHydroelectricity · Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Wave powerNuclear power · Inertial fusion power plant · Fusion · Nuclear reactor · Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorSolar power · Active solar · Barra system · Central solar heating plant · Energy tower · Ocean Thermal · Passive solar · Passive solar building design · Photovoltaics · Solar cell · Solar combisystem · Solar panel · Solar pond · Solar power satellite · Solar power tower · Solar roof · Solar shingles · Solar thermal energy · Solar tracker · Solar updraft tower · Trombe wallWind power · Wind farm · Wind turbine
Storage · Flywheel energy storage · Grid energy storage · Hydrogen storage · Seasonal thermal store · Thermal energy storage
Sustainability
Ecological footprint · Ecosystem services · Ecovillage · Energy conservation · Energy Demand Management · Green map · Human Development Index · Infrastructural capital · Permaculture · Renewable energy · Self-sufficiency · Simple living · Sustainable development · Sustainable living · The Natural Step · TPE · Value of Earth · World energy resources and consumption · Zones (Permaculture)
Appropriate technology · Air engine · Autonomous building · Cob (building) · Composting toilet · Cool roof · Earth sheltering · Energy-efficient landscaping · Green roof · Hypermodernity · Low energy building · Passive house · Rammed earth · Sheet composting · Solar chimney · Straw-bale construction · Superinsulation · Technological singularity · WindcatcherSustainable agriculture · Food security · Forest gardening · Humanure · List of companion plants · List of repellent plants · Seed ball · Vermicompost · Zero energy buildingSustainable design · Environmental design · Sustainable architecture · Sustainable landscape architectureSustainable econonomics · Development economics · Green economics · Green Gross Domestic Product · Hydrogen economy · Liquid nitrogen economy · Low-carbon economy · Triple bottom lineSustainable industries · Agroforestry · Ecoforestry · Exploitation of natural resources · Green building · Green chemistry · Green computing · Natural building · Sustainable energy · Sustainable forest management · Sustainable procurement · Sustainable transport
Sustainable waste · Living machines · Mycoremediation
Management
Commission on Sustainable Development · Human development theory · Intermediate Technology Development Group · Maldevelopment · Precautionary principle · Rio Declaration on Environment and Development · Rocky Mountain Institute · Sim Van der Ryn · Underdevelopment · World Business Council for Sustainable Development · World Summit on Sustainable Development
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Donate to Wikimedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_developmentList of basic energy development topics
Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change
Citizenre
Comparison of power plants
Energy: world resources and consumption
Energy planning
Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Future energy development
List of environment topics
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear power phase-out
Renewable energy development
World energy resources and consumption
[edit] Notes
^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/
^ http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html
^ http://www.rigzone.com/analysis/rigs/insight.asp?i_id=213
^ John McCarthy (2006). Facts From Choen and Others. Progress and its Sustainability. Stanford. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Schwartz, J. 2004. "Emergency preparedness and response: compensating victims of a nuclear accident." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 111, Issues 1-3, July, 89-96.
^ [1]
^ DOE's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar FAQ
^ [2]
^ Renewable Resource Data Center - PV Correction Factors
^ [3]
External links fr http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability
The external links in this article or section may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies.Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. Please remove this tag when this is done. (talk)
Sustainability Portal (in Spanish)
Encyclopedia of Earth: Sustainability
(ISC) The Institute for Sustainable Communication—Dedicated to raising awareness and capacity for the sustainable use of print and other communication media.
Grant Thornton International Business Report Energy & Environment focus
Worldchanging—the (award-winning) largest sustainability blog in the world.
Choosing Green—video portal featuring content on sustainable building and architecture.
Inside Green Business—A leading trade publication providing news and analysis on sustainability and the greening of industry.
Sustainable Community Action Wiki—for anyone interested in action toward local sustainability, but especially ordinary people and community groups. Seeks to link up community and personal action for sustainability worldwide.
SustainLane US City Rankings A flyover tour and comparative sustainability ranking of the 50 largest US cities.
SustainLane Government Urban sustainability "best practices" database (public) and peer network (private; government practitioners).
Appropedia, an active wiki on sustainability, appropriate technology and international development.
interrupcion*—A community of organizations and individuals working together to promote sustainability, social responsibility.
Decision Theater—Helping policy makers to address sustainability issues through visualization, simulation and collaboration.
Foundation for Sustainable Development—Sustainable Solutions for the Developing World.
SustainUS The U.S. Youth Network for Sustainable Development
Green Progress—Green building and sustainable development news.
One Planet Living
WWW—Virtual Library—sustainable development—links.
iNSnet—Portal site for sustainable development.
Sustainability Now—Many references on Sustainability—from an engineering perspective.
Self Help Development InternationalSHDI is an Irish agency engaged in promoting long term sustainable development projects in Africa.
Sustainable Living Foundation
Sustainability reports portal—for downloading or ordering Sustainability reports
Sustainability news coverage—from American Public Media.
A series of articles on college sustainability programs in The Chronicle of Higher Education
Marion Institute Dedicated to promoting innovative, practical and replicable solutions to a wide range of environmental and social-justice challenges at the root-cause level.
"The Next Green Revolution" article on sustainability in Wired Magazine.
Global Scenario Group—convened in 1995 to examine the scientific requirements for a transition to a sustainable planetary society
Sustainability Comix Focusing on political, economic and cultural factors.
What is Sustainability by Brian Kermath
Living on a finite earth and climate change Fact sheets on more sustainable living and reducing greenhouse gases.
Sustainability blog from the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
Sustainable Design Forum
Sustainable Farming Method
Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy—ejournal.nbii.org: a peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides a platform for the dissemination of new practices and for dialogue emerging out of the field of sustainability.
[edit] Research and policy programs
Graham Environmental Sustainability Institutue—Multidisciplinary, sustainable research and education at the University of Michigan
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Sustainability management, research across many issue areas and regions.
The Natural Edge Project Partnership for Research on Innovation for Sustainable Prosperity
Research for Sustainability (fona)—Funding, research and innovation for sustainable development
Sustainable Innovation 2007 Conference Announcement and Call for Papers
Tellus Institute Environmental research & policy organization.
Worldwatch Institute Global sustainability & policy organization.
[edit] Training and education programs
At Wikiversity, you can learn about:
Sustainability
UNESCO Chair of Sustainability. Technical University of Catalonia (Spain)
The Business School, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center—MBA with an Emphasis on Sustainability or a Master of Science in Management with an Emphasis in Managing for Sustainability, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver Colorado
[3]—PhD Progam in Sustainability Education, Limited Residency, Prescott Arizona
Blekinge Institute of Technology—Master’s programme for Strategic Leadership Towards Sustainability in Karlskrona, Sweden
School of Sustainability at Arizona State University—Undergraduate, Graduate and Certificates in Sustainability at Arizona State University
Presidio School of Management offers an accredited MBA in Sustainable Management, integrating sustainability principles into every business course.
Graham Environmental Sustainability Institutue—Multidisciplinary sustainable research and education at the University of Michigan
Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise—Sustainability Education and Research Institute at the University of Michigan
International Institute for Sustainable Development (Canadian)
[show]
v • d • e
Sustainability and Energy development
Future
2000 Watt society · Hubbert peak · Peak oil
Transportation
Air car · Alternative fuel · Alternative propulsion · Battery electric vehicle · Bicycle · Bioalcohol · Biodiesel · Bioethanol · Biogas · Biomass to liquid · Bus rapid transit · Ecodriving · Electric power-assist system · Electric vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Hydrogen station · Hydrogen vehicle · Low-energy vehicle · Plug-in hybrid · Production battery electric vehicle · Public transport · Pyrolysis · Trolleybus · TWIKE · utility cycling · Vegetable oil used as fuel
Energy Conversion
Electricity generation · Distributed generation · Microgeneration · Sustainable community energy system · Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Biological energy · Anaerobic digestion · Biomass · Mechanical biological treatmentChemical energy · Blue energy · Fuel cell · Hydrogen productionGeothermal power · Deep lake water cooling · Earth cooling tubesHydroelectricity · Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity · Tidal power · Water turbine · Wave powerNuclear power · Inertial fusion power plant · Fusion · Nuclear reactor · Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorSolar power · Active solar · Barra system · Central solar heating plant · Energy tower · Ocean Thermal · Passive solar · Passive solar building design · Photovoltaics · Solar cell · Solar combisystem · Solar panel · Solar pond · Solar power satellite · Solar power tower · Solar roof · Solar shingles · Solar thermal energy · Solar tracker · Solar updraft tower · Trombe wallWind power · Wind farm · Wind turbine
Storage · Flywheel energy storage · Grid energy storage · Hydrogen storage · Seasonal thermal store · Thermal energy storage
Sustainability
Ecological footprint · Ecosystem services · Ecovillage · Energy conservation · Energy Demand Management · Green map · Human Development Index · Infrastructural capital · Permaculture · Renewable energy · Self-sufficiency · Simple living · Sustainable development · Sustainable living · The Natural Step · TPE · Value of Earth · World energy resources and consumption · Zones (Permaculture)
Appropriate technology · Air engine · Autonomous building · Cob (building) · Composting toilet · Cool roof · Earth sheltering · Energy-efficient landscaping · Green roof · Hypermodernity · Low energy building · Passive house · Rammed earth · Sheet composting · Solar chimney · Straw-bale construction · Superinsulation · Technological singularity · WindcatcherSustainable agriculture · Food security · Forest gardening · Humanure · List of companion plants · List of repellent plants · Seed ball · Vermicompost · Zero energy buildingSustainable design · Environmental design · Sustainable architecture · Sustainable landscape architectureSustainable econonomics · Development economics · Green economics · Green Gross Domestic Product · Hydrogen economy · Liquid nitrogen economy · Low-carbon economy · Triple bottom lineSustainable industries · Agroforestry · Ecoforestry · Exploitation of natural resources · Green building · Green chemistry · Green computing · Natural building · Sustainable energy · Sustainable forest management · Sustainable procurement · Sustainable transport
Sustainable waste · Living machines · Mycoremediation
Management
Commission on Sustainable Development · Human development theory · Intermediate Technology Development Group · Maldevelopment · Precautionary principle · Rio Declaration on Environment and Development · Rocky Mountain Institute · Sim Van der Ryn · Underdevelopment · World Business Council for Sustainable Development · World Summit on Sustainable Development
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 All articles with unsourced statements Wikipedia external links cleanup Sustainability Architecture
Useful information and discussion about the world of energy, including oil and gas, peak oil, hydrogen, alternative energy, climate change, and geopolitics, from an experienced industry professional. Click on "comment" below any posting to write a response. A service of GSW Strategy Group, LLC. Content Copyright 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 by Geoffrey S.W. Styles. All rights reserved.
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About the author
About Me
Name: Geoffrey Styles
Location: Virginia, US
Geoffrey Styles is an energy and strategy consultant specializing in the application of scenario thinking for Fortune 500 companies and other clients. In his corporate career, he focused on the global oil refining, marketing and alternative energy businesses and has held senior positions in alliance management, planning, supply & distribution, and price risk management. He has published articles on energy security and alternative energy and advised NASA on solar power. He has an MBA from Berkeley's Haas School and a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from U.C. Davis.
View my complete profile
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New Energy Information Center
This page provides links to a variety of sources of information dealing with energy on the WantToKnow.info website. Our most basic material is listed first, followed by other resources which delve deeper for those interested in more. We recommend reading through this entire page before exploring the links provided. The WantToKnow.info team presents this new energy information as an opportunity for you to educate yourself and others, and to inspire us to work together to strengthen democracy and build a brighter future for us all.
New Energy Information SummariesBest Free New Energy VideosMost Important New Energy DocumentBest New Energy ResourcesTop New Energy News ArticlesNew Energy Inventions in the NewsWhat You Can Do
http://www.wanttoknow.info/newenergyinformation http://www.newenergytimes.com/weblinks/weblinks.htm
Resources
Key Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Sites
LENR-CANR Library of Cold Fusion, LENR, CANR, CMNS Scientific Papers - The place for technical literature on the field
The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science - The official professional society for the field
Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Journal - The official journal, though it's been in start-up mode for a few years
Ed Storms' site - Storms is one of the most prolific and knowledgeable instructors in the field
JCF Society - Official Web site of the Japan CF Research Society
Charles G. Beaudette "Cold Fusion" Archive at University of Utah
Other Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Sites
Melvin Miles' site - Cold fusion pioneer
Collaborative Energy Research Group (CERG) - Collaboration of a few privately-funded CMNS researchers
The Greenview Group - Tom Benson and Tom Passell's collaboration
Dennis Craven's site - One of the most creative and innovative researchers in the CMNS field
Infinite Energy Magazine ICCF9 Report - Not current information, but important historical references
Infinite Energy Magazine ICCF8 Report - Not current information, but important historical references
Progegetto MEG - A private Italian cold fusion site
ENEA: Italian National Agency on Energy and Environment Cold Fusion site - One of the official government cold fusion laboratories
Cold Fusion Times: - Web site of Dr. Mitchell Swartz, a private U.S. cold fusion researcher
D2Fusion, Inc. - Web site of Russ George's cold fusion company (See related investigation)
Dieter Britz: Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus - A skeptical and interested observer of the field
Dr. Hideo Kozima of Portland State University - Site is not current, but provides good historical references
General New Energy Web Resources
Infinite Energy Magazine - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
Bill Beaty: More Cold Fusion web links - Chemistry professor, electrical engineer and addicted web guru
Alternative Energy Institute: Energy Solutions for the Twenty-first Century - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
New Energy Movement: organization founded by Dr. Brian O'Leary - Eclectic mixture of new energy topics
Integrity Research Institute - Tom Valone's site (U.S. Patent Examiner)
Institute for New Energy - Site is not current, but provides good historical references
Related Web Resources
Nuclear Waste Watcher - Ron Bourgoin, keeping a close eye on nuclear waste
Suppression, Censorship and Dogmatism in Science - Anonymous' science philosophy site
[A little too ironic: On Dec. 7, 2006 New Energy Times received a message from the author of this site requesting that we remove his name from the listing. "After living in Germany and working in industry for two years, I'm ready to return to university teaching. There's an excellent job opening that I'm going to apply for, and I do not wish my writing on unorthodox science topics to affect my chances of getting hired. For that reason, I have removed my name from my "Suppressed Science" website, Could you remove all references to my name from your site? "]
Jeffrey Clymer's Sonofusion and Bubble Fusion Site
energy, sources of
energy, sources of, origins of the power used for transportation, for heat and light in dwelling and working areas, and for the manufacture of goods of all kinds, among other applications. The development of science and civilization is closely linked to the availability of energy in useful forms. Modern society consumes vast amounts of energy in all forms: light, heat, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and nuclear. The rate at which energy is produced or consumed is called power, although this term is sometimes used in common speech synonymously with energy.
Sections in this article:
Introduction
Types of Energy
Environmental Considerations
The Search for New Sources of Energy
Bibliography
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0817342.html
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/edc/energy_links.asp
The WEC works closely with a broad range of international governmental and non-governmental organisations which share a common interest in energy. The principal ones are:
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AFESD
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
AfrDB
African Development Bank
AfrePren
African Energy Policy Research Network
APERC
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre
ASEAN
Asean Centre for Energy
ATE
Arab Thought Forum
BP
BP
CARE
Coalition of Affordable Reliable Energy
CIER
Comisi鏮 de Integraci鏮 El嶰trica Regional
CIGRE
Conference Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques
CIRS-TM.ORG
International Center for Scientific Research
Chemicals Technology
Chemicals Technology
China Sourcing
China Sourcing - finding new suppliers and do business in China
DGEMP
Direction g幯廨ale de l'Energie et des Mati鋨es premi鋨es (Ministry of Economy, Finances and Industry (France)
EBRD
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EERE
Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Energy Directory
Energy Directory
Enerdata Consulting and Information Company
Energy Charter Treaty
Energy Charter Secretariat
Energy Virtual Library
Energy Virtual Library
energytech.at
energytech.at (Austria)
Eni
Eni Group
ENS
European Nuclear Society
ENSYS
ENSYS Engineering Training
Ethical Junction
Ethical Junction
EU-CEC
European Commission
Eurelectric
Union of the Electricity Industry - Eurelectric
EUFORES
The European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources
EurOcean
European Centre for Information on Marine Science and Technology
EuroHeat & Power
EuroHeat & Power
event.researcheasy.com
event.researcheasy.com - Resource site for everything to do with events. Full of newsletters, articles, links and other resources.
EWEA
European Wind Energy Association
Forbes Marshall P. Ltd
Forbes Marshall P. Ltd
Four Seasons Fuel
Four Seasons Fuel - Fuel suppliers for gas, charcoal, logs, kindling and coal
GEsource
GEsource Geography and Environment Gateway
Hydropower & Dams
Hydropower & Dams
IADB
Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEE
International Association for Energy Economics
IAHR
International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research
IBRD/World Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction & Development/World Bank
ICOLD-CIGB
International Commission on Large Dams
IEA Coal Research
IEA Coal Research
IEA/OECD
International Energy Agency/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEICI
Israel Export and International Cooperation Institute
IEPF
Institut de l'Energie et de l'Environnement de la Francophonie
IFIEC
International Federation of Industrial Energy Consumers
IGU
International Gas Union
IIASA
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IMF
International Monetary Fund
INS
Internetwork for Sustainability
INIS
International Nuclear Information System
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO14001 - EMAS
Italian Environmental Legislation
IWD
Internet Web Directory
KwMap.net
Keyword Map
Mandat International
Mandat International
MIT
MIT Carbon Sequestration Initiative
NAA
North Atlantic Assembly (Nato)
NEA/OECD
Nuclear Energy Agency/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OAPEC
Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Oil and Gas International
Oil and Gas International
OLA
OPET Latin America - OLA project
OLADE
Organizacion Latino-americana de Energia
OPEC
Organisation on the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Power Technology
Power Technology
REFOCUS
REFOCUS - The International Renewable Energy Magazine
REIN
Renewable Energy Information Network
RIIA
Royal Institute of International Affairs - Energy & Environmental Programme
RMI
Rocky Mountain Institute
SDG
Gas Natural SDG
SEI
Sustainable Energy Ireland
Sonex
Sonex Research
STP
Save the Planet
Suzlon
Suzlon Energy Limited
SX Coal
China Shan Xi Coal Industry Association
UATI
Union Internationale des Associations et Organismes Techniques
UCTE
Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity
UN
UN (United Nations)
UN AC
United Nations Association in Canada
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNECE
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNESA
Asociación Española de la Industria Eléctrica (UNESA)
UNESCAP
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNESCWA
United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia
UNFAO
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Secretariat
UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
UN IDO
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UN ITAR
United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNOG
United Nations Office at Geneva
UPDEA
Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors of Electric Power in Africa
URC
UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development
WindPowerOnline
WindPowerOnline.com
WBCSD
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WCI
World Coal Institute
WFEO/FMOI
World Federation of Engineering Organisations
WLPGA
World LP Gas Association's LP Gas & Sustainable Development section
WMC
World Mining Congress
WNA
World Nuclear Association
WPC
World Petroleum Council
WREN
World Renewable Energy Network
WSP
Water and Sanitation Programme, World Bank/IBRD
WTO
World Trade Organisation
WEC INFORMATION • ENERGY INFOMATION • NEWS & EVENTS • FOCUS • PUBLICATIONS • MEMBER SERVICES • WORLD ENERGY CONGRESS
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Copyright © 1999-2007. World Energy Council5th Floor, Regency House, 1-4 Warwick Street, London W1B 5LT, UKTel: (+44 20) 7734 5996 Fax: (+44 20) 7734 5926
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